My Benzene Law Firm

Benzene diazonium chloride, C6H5NNCl, decomposes by a first-order rate law.

C6H5NNCl ? C6H5Cl + N2(g)
If the rate constant at 20°C is 4.3 10-5/s, how long will it take for 59% of the compound to decompose?

The first order rate law in integrated form is:
C/Co = e^-kt, where C is the amount of reagent REMAINING at any time t, and C=Co when t=0.
Then the equation becomes 0.41 = e^-(4.3×10-5 t)
Since e^-1 is about 0.39, then the exponent is slightly less, and t is about 2×10^4 sec.

Benzene (petrol additive)
A colourless cyclic hydrocarbon obtained from coal and petroleum, used as a solvent in fuel and in chemical manufacture – and contained in cigarette smoke. It is a known carcinogen and is associated with leukaemia.

Formaldehyde (embalming fluid)
A colourless liquid, highly poisonous, used to preserve dead bodies – also found in cigarette smoke. Known to cause cancer, respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal problems.

Ammonia (toilet cleaner)
Used as a flavouring, frees nicotine from tobacco turning it into a gas, found in dry cleaning fluids.

Acetone (nail polish remover)
Fragrant volatile liquid ketone, used as a solvent, for example, nail polish remover – found in cigarette smoke.

Tar
Particulate matter drawn into lungs when you inhale on a lighted cigarette. Once inhaled, smoke condenses and about 70 per cent of the tar in the smoke is deposited in the smoker’s lungs.

Nicotine (insecticide/addictive drug)
One of the most addictive substances known to man, a powerful and fast-acting medical and non-medical poison. This is the chemical which causes addiction.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) (car exhaust fumes)
An odourless, tasteless and poisonous gas, rapidly fatal in large amounts – it’s the same gas that comes out of car exhausts and is the main gas in cigarette smoke, formed when the cigarette is lit. Others you may recognize are :

Arsenic (rat poison), Hydrogen Cyanide (gas chamber poison)

source: Health Education Authority (UK) – Lifesaver

The list of 599 additives approved by the US Government for use in the manufacture of cigarettes is something every smoker should see. Submitted by the five major American cigarette companies to the Dept. of Health and Human Services in April of 1994, this list of ingredients had long been kept a secret.

Tobacco companies reporting this information were:

American Tobacco Company
Brown and Williamson
Liggett Group, Inc.
Philip Morris Inc.
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

While these ingredients are approved as additives for foods, they were not tested by burning them, and it is the burning of many of these substances which changes their properties, often for the worse. Over 4000 chemical compounds are created by burning a cigarette, many of which are toxic and/or carcinogenic. Carbon monoxide
nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia are all present in cigarette smoke. Forty-three known carcinogens are in mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, or both.

It’s chilling to think about not only how smokers poison themselves, but what others are exposed to by breathing in the secondhand smoke. The next time you’re missing your old buddy, the cigarette, take a good long look at this list and see them for what they are: a delivery system for toxic chemicals and carcinogens.

Cigarettes offer people only a multitude of smoking-related diseases and ultimately death.

Smokers…if you are brave enough then have a look.

http://quitsmoking.about.com/cs/nicotineinhaler/a/cigingredients.htm

Suppose that you have a solution of pure benzene. Use Raoult’s law to predict what would happen to the vapor pressure of the solvent, Psolvent, if you added some naphthalene (C_10_H_8_) solute.

a.) The vapor pressure of the solvent would decrease.
b.) The vapor pressure of the solvent would increase.
c.) The vapor pressure of the solvent would remain the same.
d.) You need more information to predict what would happen.

a.) The vapor pressure of the solvent would decrease.

I have just realized that i have been being slowly poisoned for 5 years!
The story began in 2005 when i moved in to my current residence. I signed my tenancy on 7/7/05, on 25/10/05 i reported a horid smell in the kitchen coming from under the boiler.
The housing association sent out a contractor….he determined that the horrid smell was coming from the old drain pipe from the boiler. This pipe was poking up through the worktop…the smell was coming from there.
He got some electrical tape and taped up over the pipe.
Nothing further was logged as the contractor obviously did not think it was a problem.
I have suffered from severe nausea since i moved into the property. My medical history clearly show i was fine up until the end of 2005…and ill up until dec 2009.
My doctor has been stumped at why no matter what " Anti depressant " she puts me on i continue to feel sick. I have been on 20+ anti depressants, beta blockers, sleeping tablets, anti sickness tablets, IBS tablets…none helped the nausea.
25th Feb 2010 my kitchen was torn out ready for a new one….the landlord also paid for a new combi boiler.
After the boiler was fitted the fitter asked me if i had smelt gas….i told him that i hadnt but there was a funny smell i couldnt identify. He then went on to tell me that he had to replace a section of pipe as it had a pin hole leak in it. I have pictures of the old pipe…before it was replaced and the " section " that was replaced due to the leak.
The pipe was located behind a kitchen cabinet….none of the cabinets had backs.
I have secured a lot of information regarding natural gas poisoning….i have contacted the manufacturer of the odour as well as NGRID.
I have print outs from the Hazardous Substances Database which i am going to show to my doctor tomorrow.
There is clearly a link between the time i moved to the property…the gas leak found and my 5 years of untreatable nausea.
Natural gas poisoning causes a lot of the symptoms i have. I have called an ambulance on several occasions due to what felt like heart attacks…im 30 btw. This is all documented.
As are all the medications i have been prescribed and the tests carried out. At the beginning of my sickness i had an Endoscopy….they thought it was bacteria to begin with but then slowly drew to the conclusion it was infact anxiety.
This seemed like a plausible answer to my nausea, shaking, chest cramps, insomnia, and agoraphobia. I had split up from my girlfriend due to my sickness….i was always so nauseas i could never go out in the final 2 years of our relationship….i was with her for 7 years! and the final 2 i was so ill she decided she could no longer cope with it.
Since 2005 i have been able to work maybe 2 years because i have always felt so ill….mainly in the morning.
Everything points to the gas being the root of the problem…..please read up on natural gas poisoning before claiming its not toxic….or talking about CO2 poisoning….ITS NOT THE SAME.

I have spent the last week reading up on each chemical in the gas before it is burnt….as it is in the pipes before combustion.
The gas BEFORE combustion contains a whole bunch of nastyness……the gas in the pipes are made up of :

90% Methane
5% Ethane
3% Propane
2% Other components ( radon, benzene, and odourants )

Like i say i have studied hard on this subject, i do not expect my doctor to accept that they were wrong so i have printed off a lot of data to show them. I have also requested my medical history from 2005 – 2009. This shows a clear correlation.

My landlord is responsible….they send in a contractor to maintain the boiler but they are useless….and have clearly failed to spot the leak. I have made numerous complaints about this company over the past 5 years.

The windows are always on vent in my place due to the " horrid " smell i reported back in 2005. I also smoke.

What should i do now….???? the evidence is clearly piling up against my landlord.
I have taken fabric samples of furniture and sealed them in air tight jars. Blood tests can reveal the poisoning….its shown in the blood count….i have had maybe 40 blood tests in the past 5 years.

I was earning £35k a year prior to my illness.

I intend on suing my landlord….you may say that its for the money and yea it is!! My life has been misery for 5 years….i want to live it to the max now im free of my nausea!!!

I might also point out that natural gas also has a more sinister side in that it can cause infertility and cancer in the bones ( leukaemia ) so i will be requesting tests for these also.

I dont want to use a no win no fee lawyer….but have no idea what do do from here really?
I want to sue for loss of earnings, pain and suffering and damages.
I would imagine if successful this could be potentially worth £200k +, so i do not want to use a crappy lawyer with no knowledge or an ambulance chaser.

Any advice would be greatly appreciated as im g
For twats like BruceWayne…..

Dont blame me dick head, blame my landlord :p…blame my doctor but you cant blame me PRICK!

So what hes basically saying is that even though i was being poisoned this is not a good enough reason to clam benefit??? How about fuck off twat…i pay my taxes…probably more than you ever have :p

Get the name and address of the gas company that fixed it. Get the name of the gas man. Talk to a good personal injury attorney in your state.

The boiling point elevation of a solution consisting of 2.52 g of a nonvolatile solute in 89.7 g of benzene is 0.7928 oC. What is the molecular weight of the unknown solute?

0.7928 = kb x m = 2.53 x m

m = 0.313 = moles solute / 0.0897 Kg

moles solute =0.0281
MM = 2.52 g/ 0.0281 =89.8 g/mol

The Independent on Sunday has opted out of its 1997 decriminalize cannabis support campaign on account of new findings on “super strength skunk” that show a correlation between cannabis use and psychosis and schizophrenia. The IoS denounces that today’s availability and strength of the new drug variety is proportionately higher than 10 or 20 years ago. Assuming that cannabis is a causal factor for schizophrenia, Hickman and colleagues argue (Journal Addiction) that there will be an increase in the number of this mental illness if we let prevalence and incidence of cannabis use increase over time.

From a sociological point of view, if we take into account the flow and stock data Hickman’s thought experiment is based on, this increase of schizophrenia in the population groups is the most likely outcome, but here we should not forget the model is also based on assumptions. So far, the medical statement has not been faced yet with a situation where cannabis has been the cause of permanent brain damage or incurable schizophrenia, so it is rather difficult to say whether an increase in prevalence and incidence to new super strength skunk will necessarily mean an increase of incurable mental health problems.

Regarding the study of human flows or social sciences in general it is rather difficult to point out causal links. Association between variables does not necessarily mean some of them must be the cause or have a knock-on effect upon the rest. Other difficulty to pinpoint casual links shows its ugly face when not all the relevant variables are included in the sociological model. There seems to be a correlation between cannabis and the surge of violent crime but so far we have not a relevant study yet on cannabis resin use, as a likely variable operating on its own, and the incidence of violent crime.

Cambridge University Professor Peter Jones’ chart on cannabis use is withdrawal symptoms is rather surprising since an explanatory reduction to chemical compounds and the activity of the brain has not been possible yet in this sense. Even if we concede Professor Jones the occurrence of these variables, the account is still problematic as it cannot include those cases where withdrawal from this substance did not show withdrawal symptoms at all. In the Lancet report, cannabis appears as the third less addictive substance, only surpassed by steroids and LSD (1st and 2nd less addictive substances respectively).

Due to the chemical properties of THC, one of cannabis’ main active ingredients, since it remains in the body after a month of its ingestion, UN representative Antonio Maria Costa’s claim that users should be treated as those arrested for driving under the influence might seem to have some support. If not as dangerous as alcohol is, driving after its use is still just as problematic as driving while speaking on the phone. The medical establishment is aware of cases where studying or other tasks that require concentration have been achieved under the influence of cannabis resin, but there’s also an increment in the amount of time needed to fulfill those tasks as distraction and other factors are very likely to lead users away from it every now and again. This does not necessarily mean “distraction”, as a consequence of cannabis use, is a permanent damage difficult to avoid once it settles in since withdrawal from it always improves concentration levels, but it does underline the fact that laziness and apathy are always important factors that break in when users recur to it.

Even though THC lacks a nitrogen atom in its molecule it can be safely included in those psychotropic compounds’ list that build up upon benzene or indolic rings if we take on board the effect upon the body. The schizoid episodes to be found in cannabis users are of a lesser importance and intensity than those commonly associated with substances such as LSD but this can be explained just recurring to the way this substance breaks in into the body. An ingestion of cannabis resin, instead of its usual use in water pipes or rollups, would put users certainly closer to those psychotic episodes so characteristic, for instance, in indolic compounds. However, any psychiatrist or psychologist worth its salt knows how easy it is to get rid of these symptoms with proper psychological help in case there were not a latent physiological predisposition to develop schizophrenia or psychosis prior to cannabis use. And once the problem has been sorted, it is very unlikely users will go back to previous stages or positions.

Here it seems sensible to underline the importance of proper technical vocabulary to better give account for these social phenomena. There is of course a margin in everything to defend ones’ personal preferences or inclinations, but the data we draw our conclusions from must be accurate. The IoS states that super strength variety skunk is 10 times stronger than cannabis resin (25 for The Daily Mail, 19th March 2007), but this datum is not accurate at all. Cannabis resin is far stronger than cannabis itself since “resin” is one of cannabis’ by products. Even the oily stuff of regular plants will still yield the highest concentrations of THC as plant and resin work out on a ratio of 100kgms/1grm. Super strength skunk can only be stronger than cannabis resin if the latter means “adulterated resin”, which is still available today. The new variety of the plant’s higher concentration levels can be seen here as the user’s ultimate attempt to avoid cheat and provide with a better product for himself in a world dominated by gangs and criminal mafias. Super strength skunk seems to sell well because there is a social demand for it.

Correlations between higher concentrations of THC and addiction, even if these variables seem to go hand in hand, should not lead us to think there is a casual link between them. “Cannabis addiction” is a sociological term and it should not be used in medical explanations if its use beguiles readers into thinking there are physical and physiological factors that can give account for addiction itself in this sense. It is obvious social activities such as biting your fingers or gamming on line can be treated as addictions as well-and surely there are endogenous chemical compounds and molecules that must be involved in them (perhaps as a source of dopamine or other endorphins)-but all of these cases always present readers with weak individuals and soft characters, which exemplify extremes that cannot be helped or prevented with proper medical care.

The problem with this kind of study is that it doesn’t go the whole way. It is probably true – cannabis can cause schizophrenia, along with a whole host of other mental illnesses. And real addiction to weed will damage all your opportunities such as your job, your studies, your family relationships.

But switch it the other way round. People with mental illness are more likely to smoke or reach for the bong anyway. Many people are aware of their situation, and their powerlessness in it, and would prefer to get high and forget about it. Wouldn’t you?

A few tokes of a splee won’t turn you into a raving lunatic or divide your personality like a pizza. Recreational drug use isn’t a sure fire way to madness, depression and neurosis; it is, however, a remarkably effective way of dealing with it. Stuff like maijuana, cocaine, alcohol, etc. is a comfort to the sufferer. It will change your personality, often for the worse in the case of abuse, and therein the downward spiral begins.

There are (shock horror!) benefits to smoking weed. I’m off the stuff myself, but I still get cravings when I’m stressed. I know all sorts of people that smoke weed, in fact I’d be harder pressed to find someone of my generation that didn’t. They’re not exactly running businesses and flying around in convertables, but you got to admit, my generation hasn’t exactly been handed the path to opportunity on a plate. Look at the situation we have today.

If we screw up in school, for whatever reason, we’re screwed. We screw up our job, we’re screwed. And that’s it. There’s no second chance. After 19 we have to pay sky high college fees to get our GCSEs back. Or if we want to go to Uni we have to borrow a mortgage just to get the education we need to be financially successful. if we don’t want to borrow, we’re screwed. If we don’t want to play poker with the future, we’re screwed. The apprenticeship system in my county and all the counties around it – it’s not lucrative. If there’s no money in us, then we’re considered dossers and dropouts. You want a self fulfilling prophecy, you’ve got one there. And the number of kids my age who have no future except for JSA meetings or McJobs is incredible. We have no rich parents to bail us out. Does that make it any easier to resist the spliff that’s being passed around? Or to not open up a can and think, hell with it?

You want to know something about drugs? Ever thought about why doling out meds is all the rage? Because they get pushed on us, that’s why. Christ, the number of kids on citalopram, fluoxetine, risperadone, all because they went to the doctor and said they were feeling down and couldn’t cope with stuff? How is stuffing you with drugs going to help? Is the medical community going to think about that??? It’s all around me. That’s because there’s money in it. Big pharmaceutical companies want their buck. So how is that proper medical care. You might even have a real mental illness, lurking away in the corners of your mind. But the sad reality is that the medical establishment just doesn’t care, and that weed helps smooth that fact over. Recreational drugs are cheap, easy to obtain, and not overly harmful to the human body or brain.

So don’t look at it and think weed causes schizophrenia. Think about it the other way round. That goes for you, doctor.

what is your opinion on smoking. i hate it and will not go near a ciggiratte ever and i think the smoking ban was fantastic as my local pub smells better and you can actually go in there without choking on the fumes and when i found out that this is in a ciggy:

Acetic Acid (Corrosive to respiratory tract)
Acetone (used in nail polish removers.)
Ammonia. (Used in floor and toilet cleaners)
Arsenic (a poison)
Cadmium (Car battery Fluid)
Carbon Monoxide (interferes with the supply of oxygen in the blood to the rest of the body)
DDT/ dielderon (Insecticides)
Ethanol (Alcohol)
Formalin (used in preserving human tissue and fabric)
Hexamine (used in explosive compounds)
Hydrogen Cyanide (Poison)
Methane (Petroleum Gas)
Naphthalene (used in moth balls)
Nicotine (Schedule 6 Poison)
Nitro Benzene (a petrol additive)
Phenols (used in disinfectants)
Stearic Acid (used in candle wax)
Toluene (Industrial solvent)
Vinyl Chloride (used in PVC)
sorry i ran out of words
but any way every time a smoker walked p[assed me i thought a) i was gonna die
b) how can these people live
c) no wonder it kills you

I like that you don’t like to smoke. But you can’t just READ something and say you know everything on it. I personally hate smoking and alcohol because of family members who have abused the two substances and made my life a living hell and still to this day. I also gag when I smell smoke, and pissed off when I see liquor.

3. Which of the following pairs of molecules are expected to obey Raoult’s law?

a. CCl4, C6H6 (benzene)
b. CCl4, H2O
c. HF, H2O
d. CH3OH, H2O

the answer is a, c, and d..i m sure…jst got it rite…lol!

The Independent on Sunday has opted out of its 1997 decriminalize cannabis support campaign on account of new findings on “super strength skunk” that show a correlation between cannabis use and psychosis and schizophrenia. The IoS denounces that today’s availability and strength of the new drug variety is proportionately higher than 10 or 20 years ago. Assuming that cannabis is a causal factor for schizophrenia, Hickman and colleagues argue (Journal Addiction) that there will be an increase in the number of this mental illness if we let prevalence and incidence of cannabis use increase over time.

From a sociological point of view, if we take into account the flow and stock data Hickman’s thought experiment is based on, this increase of schizophrenia in the population groups is the most likely outcome, but here we should not forget the model is also based on assumptions. So far, the medical statement has not been faced yet with a situation where cannabis has been the cause of permanent brain damage or incurable schizophrenia, so it is rather difficult to say whether an increase in prevalence and incidence to new super strength skunk will necessarily mean an increase of incurable mental health problems.

Regarding the study of human flows or social sciences in general it is rather difficult to point out causal links. Association between variables does not necessarily mean some of them must be the cause or have a knock-on effect upon the rest. Other difficulty to pinpoint casual links shows its ugly face when not all the relevant variables are included in the sociological model. There seems to be a correlation between cannabis and the surge of violent crime but so far we have not a relevant study yet on cannabis resin use, as a likely variable operating on its own, and the incidence of violent crime.

Cambridge University Professor Peter Jones’ chart on cannabis use is withdrawal symptoms is rather surprising since an explanatory reduction to chemical compounds and the activity of the brain has not been possible yet in this sense. Even if we concede Professor Jones the occurrence of these variables, the account is still problematic as it cannot include those cases where withdrawal from this substance did not show withdrawal symptoms at all. In the Lancet report, cannabis appears as the third less addictive substance, only surpassed by steroids and LSD (1st and 2nd less addictive substances respectively).

Due to the chemical properties of THC, one of cannabis’ main active ingredients, since it remains in the body after a month of its ingestion, UN representative Antonio Maria Costa’s claim that users should be treated as those arrested for driving under the influence might seem to have some support. If not as dangerous as alcohol is, driving after its use is still just as problematic as driving while speaking on the phone. The medical establishment is aware of cases where studying or other tasks that require concentration have been achieved under the influence of cannabis resin, but there’s also an increment in the amount of time needed to fulfill those tasks as distraction and other factors are very likely to lead users away from it every now and again. This does not necessarily mean “distraction”, as a consequence of cannabis use, is a permanent damage difficult to avoid once it settles in since withdrawal from it always improves concentration levels, but it does underline the fact that laziness and apathy are always important factors that break in when users recur to it.

Even though THC lacks a nitrogen atom in its molecule it can be safely included in those psychotropic compounds’ list that build up upon benzene or indolic rings if we take on board the effect upon the body. The schizoid episodes to be found in cannabis users are of a lesser importance and intensity than those commonly associated with substances such as LSD but this can be explained just recurring to the way this substance breaks in into the body. An ingestion of cannabis resin, instead of its usual use in water pipes or rollups, would put users certainly closer to those psychotic episodes so characteristic, for instance, in indolic compounds. However, any psychiatrist or psychologist worth its salt knows how easy it is to get rid of these symptoms with proper psychological help in case there were not a latent physiological predisposition to develop schizophrenia or psychosis prior to cannabis use. And once the problem has been sorted, it is very unlikely users will go back to previous stages or positions.

Here it seems sensible to underline the importance of proper technical vocabulary to better give account for these social phenomena. There is of course a margin in everything to defend ones’ personal preferences or inclinations, but the data we draw our conclusions from must be accurate. The IoS states that super strength variety skunk is 10 times stronger than cannabis resin (25 for The Daily Mail, 19th March 2007), but this datum is not accurate at all. Cannabis resin is far stronger than cannabis itself since “resin” is one of cannabis’ by products. Even the oily stuff of regular plants will still yield the highest concentrations of THC as plant and resin work out on a ratio of 100kgms/1grm. Super strength skunk can only be stronger than cannabis resin if the latter means “adulterated resin”, which is still available today. The new variety of the plant’s higher concentration levels can be seen here as the user’s ultimate attempt to avoid cheat and provide with a better product for himself in a world dominated by gangs and criminal mafias. Super strength skunk seems to sell well because there is a social demand for it.

Correlations between higher concentrations of THC and addiction, even if these variables seem to go hand in hand, should not lead us to think there is a casual link between them. “Cannabis addiction” is a sociological term and it should not be used in medical explanations if its use beguiles readers into thinking there are physical and physiological factors that can give account for addiction itself in this sense. It is obvious social activities such as biting your fingers or gamming on line can be treated as addictions as well-and surely there are endogenous chemical compounds and molecules that must be involved in them (perhaps as a source of dopamine or other endorphins)-but all of these cases always present readers with weak individuals and soft characters, which exemplify extremes that cannot be helped or prevented with proper medical care.

I’ve been dependent on cannabis (in particular, skunk) for a number of years. I don’t think it is a physical addiction, rather a psychological one that I use to deal with mental health problems, and this is supported by the fact that since it has stopped helping me feel better, I have had no trouble staying off it.

My brother also used it for two years before he was diagnosed with schizophrenia, but the doctors involved believed the cannabis to be a form of self medication rather than the cause of such a profound mental illness.

Out of the people I know who have developed psychotic illnesses, including my brother, they have all smoked pot, but they have all taken pills, lsd and god knows what else. They also all come from difficult and sometimes traumatic backgrounds. And certainly within my family there seems to be a clear genetic predisposition.

I think that the idea that cannabis can cause psychosis that lasts beyond the use of it is not only ridiculous but irresponsible. Too many parents ignore psychotic symptoms in their children because they think they’re on drugs. And it’s not just parents, I’ve seen a 17 year old manic depressive turned away from a mental ward because they believed his psychosis to be purely caused by cannabis. This was not the case and it took him a further year to get a proper diagnosis and be treated.

Lastly, I have never in my life met a violent stoner. I know there was a case in the news recently, but he seemed to be quite clearly psychotic, whether it was drug induced or not, this is hardly the norm, for psychosis or cannabis use.

Acetone: – nail polish remover
Ammonia: Household cleaner
Angelica root extract: Known to cause cancer in animals
Arsenic: Used in rat poisons
Benzene: Used in making dyes, synthetic rubber
Butane: Gas; used in lighter fluid
Carbon monoxide: Poisonous gas
Cadmium: Used in batteries
Cyanide: Deadly poison
DDT: A banned insecticide
Ethyl Furoate: Causes liver damage in animals
Formaldehiyde: Used to preserve dead specimens
Hydrazine: – rocket fuel
Hydrogen Cyanide: – rat poison
Lead: Poisonous in high doses
Methoprene: Insecticide
Megastigmatrienone: Chemical naturally found in grapefruit juice
Maltitol: Sweetener for diabetics
Methyl isocyanate: Its accidental release killed 2000 people in Bhopal, India in 1984
Napthalene: Ingredient in mothballs
Nicotine: – a poison used to kill cockroaches
Polonium: Cancer-causing radioactive element

Additives in manufactured & processed cigarettes.
(Which is different than plain tobacco.)
For the complete list on 599 additives see…
http://quitsmoking.about.com/cs/nicotineinhaler/a/cigingredients.htm

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